Who was Epicureans in the Bible?
The Epicureans were a philosophical group mentioned in the New Testament, specifically in Acts 17:18, during the Apostle Paul’s visit to Athens. The term “Epicurean” comes from the Greek word Ἐπικουρείος (Epicureios), referring to the followers of the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus. Epicureanism, founded by Epicurus who lived from 341-270 BC, was a school of thought that emphasized the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain as the highest good. However, the modern interpretation of “epicurean” as indulgence in luxury does not accurately reflect the original philosophy.
The Philosophy of Epicureanism
Epicurus taught that the ultimate goal of life was to achieve a state of tranquility, known as ataraxia, and freedom from fear and pain, called aponia. This philosophy encouraged simple living, cultivating friendships, and pursuing intellectual pleasures. The Epicureans believed in the importance of personal happiness and well-being, which they thought could be achieved by minimizing physical and emotional pain.
Interestingly, Epicureanism was not about hedonistic indulgence. Rather, it advocated for moderation and self-control, emphasizing that true pleasure is found in the absence of pain and disturbance. The Epicureans also held a naturalistic worldview, rejecting the existence of gods who intervened in human affairs, and they believed that the universe was composed of atoms and void, following a materialistic understanding of nature.
Lessons for the Modern Christian
The Pursuit of True Happiness
The Epicurean focus on the pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain contrasts sharply with the biblical teaching on finding true happiness. For Christians, true joy and contentment are found not in the pursuit of personal pleasure but in a relationship with God and obedience to His will. While the Epicureans sought tranquility through the absence of pain, the Bible teaches that true peace comes from trusting in God, even amidst trials and suffering (Philippians 4:6-7).
The Importance of a Biblical Worldview
The naturalistic and materialistic worldview of the Epicureans stands in opposition to the biblical understanding of a personal, involved God who actively works in the world. The Bible presents a reality where God is sovereign and intimately involved in the lives of His creation, guiding and providing for them. Modern Christians are reminded of the importance of maintaining a biblical worldview, recognizing God’s sovereignty and His role in their lives.
Connection to a Loving God
God’s Role in Human Affairs
The Epicureans’ belief in a distant or non-intervening deity contrasts with the Christian belief in a personal God who cares deeply for His creation. The Bible teaches that God is not only the Creator but also the sustainer and redeemer of the world. He is actively involved in the lives of His people, providing guidance, comfort, and salvation (Psalm 121:2-4; John 3:16).
Finding Fulfillment in God
While the Epicureans sought fulfillment through the avoidance of pain and pursuit of intellectual pleasures, the Bible teaches that true fulfillment is found in God alone. The Psalmist declares, “You make known to me the path of life; in your presence there is fullness of joy; at your right hand are pleasures forevermore” (Psalm 16:11, ESV). This profound joy and satisfaction come from knowing and serving a loving and personal God.
Connection to Jesus Christ
The Gospel’s Contrast with Epicureanism
The encounter between the Apostle Paul and the Epicurean philosophers in Athens, as recorded in Acts 17:18, highlights the stark contrast between the Gospel and Epicurean philosophy. Paul used this opportunity to proclaim the truth of Jesus Christ, emphasizing the resurrection and the assurance of judgment (Acts 17:31). This message directly contradicted the Epicurean denial of an afterlife and divine intervention.
Jesus as the Source of True Life
In contrast to the Epicurean pursuit of a painless life, Jesus calls His followers to find life in Him, even if it means enduring suffering for His sake. Jesus said, “I am the way, and the truth, and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me” (John 14:6, ESV). This statement underscores that true life and purpose are found in Christ alone, not in the avoidance of discomfort or the pursuit of earthly pleasures.
Conclusion
The Epicureans, as mentioned in the New Testament, represent a philosophical worldview that prioritized personal pleasure and a naturalistic understanding of the world. From a biblical perspective, their beliefs are seen as contrary to the teachings of Christianity, particularly in the pursuit of pleasure as the highest good and the rejection of a personal, intervening God. The encounter between Paul and the Epicureans in Athens serves as a reminder of the importance of sharing the Gospel with those who hold different worldviews, pointing them toward the truth and fulfillment found in Jesus Christ. For modern Christians, the story of the Epicureans challenges them to examine their own beliefs and priorities, ensuring they align with the biblical teachings on true joy, purpose, and the nature of God.