Circular reasoning is a logical fallacy where the conclusion of an argument is assumed in its premise, often resulting in a statement that essentially reaffirms itself without providing independent evidence or support. This fallacy is often summarized by the phrase “begging the question,” where the argument’s validity is based on an unproven assumption. From a biblical perspective, understanding and identifying circular reasoning is important for interpreting Scripture accurately and defending the Christian faith logically.
Understanding Circular Reasoning
Definition and Example
Circular reasoning occurs when the conclusion of an argument is used as a premise to support itself, creating a loop that lacks external evidence. This fallacy can be subtle and often goes unnoticed if not carefully examined.
For example:
- “The Bible is true because it says it is true.” This statement assumes the conclusion (that the Bible is true) within the premise, without providing external evidence or reasoning.
Why It’s Problematic
Circular reasoning is problematic because it fails to establish the truth of a claim independently of the claim itself. It does not advance the discussion or provide a basis for evaluating the argument’s validity. In theological discussions, circular reasoning can undermine the credibility of arguments, especially when discussing faith with skeptics or those unfamiliar with Christian teachings.
Biblical Perspective on Sound Reasoning
The Importance of Truth and Integrity in Argumentation
The Bible emphasizes the importance of truth and integrity in all aspects of life, including reasoning and argumentation. Believers are called to speak the truth and provide sound reasoning, particularly when defending the faith.
1 Peter 3:15 (NIV):
“But in your hearts revere Christ as Lord. Always be prepared to give an answer to everyone who asks you to give the reason for the hope that you have. But do this with gentleness and respect.”
This verse highlights the importance of being prepared to provide a reasoned defense of one’s faith, which requires more than just circular arguments; it demands thoughtful, logical, and respectful discourse.
Proverbs 3:5-6 (NIV):
“Trust in the Lord with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all your ways submit to him, and he will make your paths straight.”
While this passage encourages trust in God, it also implies that reasoning and understanding should be submitted to God’s truth, not based on circular or flawed logic.
Jesus and Logical Argumentation
Jesus Himself used logical argumentation and parables to convey truths and challenge flawed reasoning. He often exposed the fallacies in the arguments of the religious leaders of His time.
Matthew 22:41-46 (NIV):
“While the Pharisees were gathered together, Jesus asked them, ‘What do you think about the Messiah? Whose son is he?’
‘The son of David,’ they replied.
He said to them, ‘How is it then that David, speaking by the Spirit, calls him “Lord”? For he says, “The Lord said to my Lord: ‘Sit at my right hand until I put your enemies under your feet.’ If then David calls him “Lord,” how can he be his son?”‘
No one could say a word in reply, and from that day on no one dared to ask him any more questions.”
In this exchange, Jesus used Scripture and logical reasoning to challenge the Pharisees’ understanding of the Messiah, revealing the flaws in their assumptions and inviting them to deeper reflection.
Avoiding Circular Reasoning in Theology
Using Scripture Responsibly
While the Bible is the ultimate authority for Christians, it is important to avoid using Scripture in a circular manner when discussing its authority. Instead, believers can use historical, archaeological, and experiential evidence to support the truth of Scripture, providing a more robust foundation for faith.
For example, when defending the reliability of the Bible, one might reference the fulfillment of prophecies, the historical accuracy of biblical events, or the transformative impact of the Bible in individual lives and societies.
2 Timothy 3:16-17 (NIV):
“All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness, so that the servant of God may be thoroughly equipped for every good work.”
This verse affirms the divine inspiration of Scripture, but when presenting this claim to someone unfamiliar with or skeptical of the Bible, it is beneficial to also provide external evidence that supports this belief.
Engaging with Skeptics and Non-Believers
When discussing faith with skeptics or those from different worldviews, it’s important to use logical arguments that do not rely solely on assumptions shared by believers. Circular reasoning is often ineffective in such discussions, as it can be dismissed as merely affirming what is already believed without offering new insight or evidence.
Instead, Christians are encouraged to use a combination of Scripture, reason, and evidence to make a compelling case for their faith.
Acts 17:2-3 (NIV):
“As was his custom, Paul went into the synagogue, and on three Sabbath days he reasoned with them from the Scriptures, explaining and proving that the Messiah had to suffer and rise from the dead. ‘This Jesus I am proclaiming to you is the Messiah,’ he said.”
Paul’s approach to reasoning with others involved explaining, proving, and engaging with their beliefs and understanding, which went beyond mere circular reasoning.
The Balance of Faith and Reason
Faith as Trust in God
While logical reasoning is important, it’s also essential to recognize that faith involves trust in God and His revealed truth. Faith is not opposed to reason, but it transcends it in that it involves a relational trust in God’s character and promises.
Hebrews 11:1 (NIV):
“Now faith is confidence in what we hope for and assurance about what we do not see.”
Faith in God involves confidence in His truth, even when it goes beyond what can be fully explained or understood by human reason. However, this faith is not blind; it is supported by evidence and experience, both personal and communal.
Avoiding Anti-Intellectualism
While faith is foundational to Christianity, the Bible does not promote anti-intellectualism. Christians are encouraged to use their minds, to seek understanding, and to engage with the world of ideas critically and thoughtfully.
Matthew 22:37 (NIV):
“Jesus replied: ‘Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind.'”
Loving God with one’s mind involves a commitment to truth and the pursuit of knowledge, avoiding the pitfalls of circular reasoning and engaging deeply with the complexities of faith.
Conclusion
Circular reasoning is a logical fallacy that should be avoided in theological discussions and apologetics. While the Bible is the ultimate authority for Christians, presenting its truths in a way that avoids circular arguments strengthens the believer’s witness and deepens understanding.
From a biblical perspective, sound reasoning is important for defending the faith, engaging with skeptics, and deepening one’s relationship with God. By balancing faith and reason, and avoiding circular logic, Christians can present a more compelling and credible case for the truth of the Gospel, grounded in Scripture, history, and the transforming power of God’s presence in the world.