The ephod is a significant garment in the Bible, particularly in the context of the Israelite priesthood. It is often associated with the high priest and the worship practices of ancient Israel. This article explores the description, purpose, and theological significance of the ephod as outlined in the Bible. The ephod was different than casting lots because it was given to the Israelites with specific instructions on how to use it and it was primarily used by the high priest.
Description and Biblical References
The Priestly Ephod
The ephod is described in detail in the book of Exodus, where God gives Moses instructions for making the garments for Aaron, the high priest.
Exodus 28:4-5 (NIV)
These are the garments they are to make: a breastpiece, an ephod, a robe, a woven tunic, a turban and a sash. They are to make these sacred garments for your brother Aaron and his sons, so they may serve me as priests. Have them use gold, and blue, purple and scarlet yarn, and fine linen.
Components and Design
The ephod was made of finely twisted linen and embroidered with gold, blue, purple, and scarlet threads. It had two shoulder pieces attached to it, each holding an onyx stone engraved with the names of the twelve tribes of Israel.
Exodus 28:6-12 (NIV)
Make the ephod of gold, and of blue, purple and scarlet yarn, and of finely twisted linen—the work of skilled hands. It is to have two shoulder pieces attached to two of its corners, so it can be fastened. Its skillfully woven waistband is to be like it—of one piece with the ephod and made with gold, and with blue, purple and scarlet yarn, and with finely twisted linen. Take two onyx stones and engrave on them the names of the sons of Israel in the order of their birth—six names on one stone and the remaining six on the other. Engrave the names of the sons of Israel on the two stones the way a gem cutter engraves a seal. Then mount the stones in gold filigree settings and fasten them on the shoulder pieces of the ephod as memorial stones for the sons of Israel. Aaron is to bear the names on his shoulders as a memorial before the Lord.
The Breastpiece of Decision
Attached to the ephod was the breastpiece, also known as the breastpiece of decision, which held the Urim and Thummim. These were used for divination and seeking God’s guidance.
Exodus 28:15-30 (NIV)
Fashion a breastpiece for making decisions—the work of skilled hands. Make it like the ephod: of gold, and of blue, purple and scarlet yarn, and of finely twisted linen… Whenever Aaron enters the Holy Place, he will bear the names of the sons of Israel over his heart on the breastpiece of decision as a continuing memorial before the Lord. Also put the Urim and the Thummim in the breastpiece, so they may be over Aaron’s heart whenever he enters the presence of the Lord. Thus Aaron will always bear the means of making decisions for the Israelites over his heart before the Lord.
Divine Approval
Because the ephod was commanded by God, it carried divine approval and was considered a legitimate and holy part of worship. It was designed according to God’s specific instructions, ensuring it was used appropriately and in accordance with His will.
Purpose and Significance
Representation of the Twelve Tribes
The ephod, with the names of the twelve tribes of Israel engraved on the onyx stones, symbolized the high priest bearing the people of Israel before God. This representation signified the priest’s role as a mediator between God and the people.
Sacred Garment for Worship
The ephod was a sacred garment worn during worship and sacrificial rituals. It signified the sanctity and solemnity of the priestly duties, ensuring that the high priest was properly attired to approach God.
Tool for Divine Guidance
The breastpiece of decision, attached to the ephod, held the Urim and Thummim, which were used to seek divine guidance. This highlights the role of the high priest in discerning God’s will for the people of Israel.
Theological Significance
Symbol of Mediation
The ephod symbolizes the mediation between God and humanity. The high priest, wearing the ephod, represented the people before God, interceding on their behalf and making atonement for their sins.
Hebrews 9:11-12 (NIV)
But when Christ came as high priest of the good things that are now already here, he went through the greater and more perfect tabernacle that is not made with human hands, that is to say, is not a part of this creation. He did not enter by means of the blood of goats and calves; but he entered the Most Holy Place once for all by his own blood, thus obtaining eternal redemption.
Foreshadowing of Christ
The high priest’s role and the ephod foreshadow Jesus Christ, the ultimate High Priest. Just as the high priest bore the names of the tribes on his shoulders, Jesus bears the sins of humanity and intercedes for believers before God.
1 Timothy 2:5 (NIV)
For there is one God and one mediator between God and mankind, the man Christ Jesus.
Sacredness and Holiness
The detailed instructions and the sacred materials used for the ephod underscore the importance of approaching God with reverence and holiness. It teaches the necessity of purity and dedication in worship.
Relevance for Today’s Christian
Understanding Mediation
The ephod helps Christians understand the concept of mediation and the role of Jesus as the ultimate mediator who brings believers into God’s presence.
Symbol of Intercession
Just as the high priest interceded for the people, Christians are called to intercede for others in prayer, carrying their burdens before God.
Galatians 6:2 (NIV)
Carry each other’s burdens, and in this way you will fulfill the law of Christ.
Emphasis on Holiness
The sacredness of the ephod reminds Christians of the importance of holiness and reverence in their relationship with God.
1 Peter 1:15-16 (NIV)
But just as he who called you is holy, so be holy in all you do; for it is written: “Be holy, because I am holy.”
Conclusion
The ephod is a significant garment in the biblical narrative, rich with symbolism and theological meaning. It represents mediation, holiness, and divine guidance, and it foreshadows the ultimate high priesthood of Jesus Christ. Understanding the ephod enriches the appreciation of the Old Testament priesthood and its fulfillment in the New Testament, providing valuable insights into the nature of worship, intercession, and the sacred relationship between God and His people.