Exodus 21:10: “If he marries another woman, he must not deprive the first one of her food, clothing and marital rights.”

Extended Explanation

Exodus 21:10 addresses a situation where a man who has taken a female servant as a wife decides to marry another woman. The law stipulates that the first wife must not be neglected or deprived of her basic needs—specifically, her food, clothing, and marital rights. This verse emphasizes the responsibility of the husband to continue caring for his first wife even if he takes a second wife. The verse reflects an important principle of justice and fairness within marriage, ensuring that the rights of the first wife are protected and that she is not treated unjustly due to the introduction of another wife.

Historical Context

In the historical context of ancient Israel, polygamy was practiced, and a man could legally marry more than one wife. However, this practice often led to situations where the first wife could be neglected in favor of the new wife. The law in Exodus 21:10 was established to prevent such injustice by making it clear that the husband had an ongoing obligation to provide for his first wife regardless of his marital decisions. This law sought to protect women from being marginalized or mistreated in polygamous arrangements, ensuring that their basic needs and rights were met.

Theological Implications

Theologically, this verse reflects God’s concern for justice, fairness, and the protection of the vulnerable. By requiring that the first wife’s rights be upheld, God demonstrates His care for those who might otherwise be neglected or mistreated in a relationship. The verse underscores the idea that marriage is a covenant relationship with responsibilities that must be honored, regardless of changes in the family structure. It also highlights the broader biblical principle that God’s laws are designed to protect the dignity and well-being of all individuals, especially those who are vulnerable.

Literary Analysis

Literarily, Exodus 21:10 is part of a series of laws that deal with social and familial relationships. The verse is structured to provide a clear mandate for the husband, specifying the three basic needs—food, clothing, and marital rights—that he must continue to provide for his first wife. The straightforward language emphasizes the seriousness of the husband’s obligations and the importance of justice within the marriage covenant. The verse serves as a safeguard against potential abuse or neglect, ensuring that the first wife’s needs are not overlooked.

Biblical Cross-References

Several other biblical passages echo the themes found in Exodus 21:10:

• Deuteronomy 24:5: “If a man has recently married, he must not be sent to war or have any other duty laid on him. For one year he is to be free to stay at home and bring happiness to the wife he has married.”
• Malachi 2:14: “You ask, ‘Why?’ It is because the Lord is the witness between you and the wife of your youth. You have been unfaithful to her, though she is your partner, the wife of your marriage covenant.”
• Ephesians 5:28: “In this same way, husbands ought to love their wives as their own bodies. He who loves his wife loves himself.”

These references highlight the biblical emphasis on the responsibility and commitment required in marriage, as well as the protection of the rights and dignity of women.

What This Verse Means for Today’s Christian

For today’s Christian, Exodus 21:10 serves as a reminder of the importance of upholding justice and fairness in all relationships, especially within marriage. It challenges believers to consider the seriousness of their commitments and the responsibilities that come with them. The verse also encourages Christians to reflect on how they can ensure that they are treating others with the care, respect, and fairness that God’s law requires. In a broader sense, the verse highlights the need to protect the vulnerable and ensure that their rights are not neglected, whether in marriage or in other areas of life.

How This Verse Relates to a Loving God

This verse reflects God’s love in His concern for justice and the protection of those who might be vulnerable in relationships. By establishing laws that require a husband to continue providing for his first wife, God shows His commitment to fairness and care for all individuals. God’s love is expressed in His desire for relationships that honor and protect the dignity of each person involved. This passage illustrates that God’s laws are not just about rules but about fostering relationships that reflect His love, justice, and compassion.

How This Verse Connects to Jesus Christ

Jesus Christ’s teachings emphasize the sanctity of marriage and the importance of love and commitment within that relationship. In Matthew 19:6, Jesus says, “So they are no longer two, but one flesh. Therefore what God has joined together, let no one separate.” This statement reflects the heart of God’s intention for marriage as a covenant that should be honored and protected. Jesus’ life and ministry further demonstrate the value of treating others with love, respect, and justice, fulfilling and expanding the principles seen in Exodus 21:10. In Christ, believers are called to live out these principles in their own relationships, reflecting God’s love and justice in their daily lives.

Questions for Reflection and Discussion

1. How does Exodus 21:10 challenge us to think about our responsibilities in relationships, particularly in marriage?
2. What does this verse teach us about the importance of fairness and justice in all our interactions with others?
3. How can Christians today apply the principles of this verse in their family relationships and broader community?
4. In what ways does Jesus’ teaching on marriage and commitment reflect the values seen in this verse, and how can we follow His example?
5. How does this passage reflect God’s character, and how should that impact our relationship with Him and others?

This article explores the meaning of Exodus 21:10, offering insights into its relevance for modern Christian living and drawing connections to broader biblical themes of justice, fairness, and the sanctity of relationships.