Exodus 21:21: “But if the slave recovers after a day or two, the owner is not to be punished, since the slave is their property.”

Extended Explanation

Exodus 21:21 follows the previous verse, which deals with the treatment of slaves in the context of physical discipline. This verse specifically addresses the situation where a master disciplines a slave, and the slave is injured but recovers after a short period. The verse states that if the slave survives and recovers after a day or two, the master is not to be punished because the slave is considered the master’s property. This verse, when taken alone, might seem harsh by modern standards, but it reflects the legal and social realities of the ancient Near Eastern context in which slavery was a widespread institution.

Historical Context

In the ancient world, slavery was a common practice, and slaves were considered the property of their masters. The laws governing the treatment of slaves were intended to regulate this practice and prevent extreme abuse. While slavery in the Bible is different from the chattel slavery that existed in more recent history, it still involved significant power imbalances. The laws in Exodus, including Exodus 21:21, were part of a legal code that sought to establish some boundaries and protections for slaves, even though they were regarded as property. The verse reflects the reality of the time, where the economic and social systems were heavily reliant on slave labor.

Theological Implications

Theologically, Exodus 21:21 challenges us to consider the complexity of justice in a fallen world. The Bible reflects the cultural context of its time, and some laws, including this one, may seem difficult to reconcile with our understanding of God’s justice and love. However, these laws also point to a God who is deeply concerned with justice and fairness, even within imperfect human systems. The presence of laws regulating the treatment of slaves suggests that God cares about how people, even those in the lowest social positions, are treated. This verse invites us to grapple with the tension between the cultural norms of the time and the broader biblical message of justice, mercy, and human dignity.

Literary Analysis

Literarily, Exodus 21:21 is part of the Covenant Code, a collection of laws found in the book of Exodus that outlines how the Israelites were to live in community with one another. The verse is part of a larger section that deals with personal injuries and the treatment of slaves. The language used is legalistic and reflects the norms of ancient Israelite society. The phrase “the slave is their property” underscores the legal status of slaves during that time. The verse serves to establish a boundary for how far punishment could go without legal repercussions, reflecting a concern for order and stability within the community.

Biblical Cross-References

Several other biblical passages relate to the themes found in Exodus 21:21:

• Leviticus 25:39-43: This passage addresses the treatment of Hebrew slaves, emphasizing that they should not be treated harshly and should be released in the Year of Jubilee.
• Deuteronomy 15:12-15: This law mandates the release of Hebrew slaves after six years of service and instructs the master to provide for them generously upon their release.
• Philemon 1:16: Paul appeals to Philemon to receive Onesimus, a runaway slave, “no longer as a slave, but better than a slave, as a dear brother,” reflecting the early Christian call to view slaves as equals in Christ.

These references highlight the broader biblical concern for justice and fair treatment, even within the institution of slavery.

What This Verse Means for Today’s Christian

For today’s Christian, Exodus 21:21 serves as a reminder of the importance of understanding the Bible within its historical and cultural context. While this verse reflects practices that are foreign and unacceptable today, it also challenges us to consider how we treat those who are vulnerable or marginalized in our society. The principle of justice and accountability remains relevant, and Christians are called to advocate for the fair treatment of all people, recognizing the inherent dignity and worth of every individual. This verse also encourages us to reflect on how we can be agents of justice and mercy in a world where power imbalances still exist.

How This Verse Relates to a Loving God

This verse, when understood in context, reflects a God who cares about justice and the well-being of all people, even within flawed human systems. While the verse acknowledges the reality of slavery in ancient times, it also implies that there are limits to how slaves should be treated, suggesting that God’s concern for justice extends even to those in the lowest social positions. God’s love is shown in His desire to protect the vulnerable, even within an imperfect legal system. This passage reminds us that God’s ultimate concern is for justice, mercy, and the dignity of every person.

How This Verse Connects to Jesus Christ

Jesus Christ’s ministry radically transformed the understanding of human relationships, including the relationship between masters and slaves. In the New Testament, Jesus teaches that all people are equal before God and calls His followers to love one another as He has loved them (John 13:34). Paul’s letter to Philemon, where he appeals for the kind treatment of the runaway slave Onesimus, reflects the transformative power of the Gospel in breaking down social barriers. Through His life, death, and resurrection, Jesus offers a new way of relating to one another, grounded in love, justice, and mutual respect.

Questions for Reflection and Discussion

1. How does Exodus 21:21 challenge us to think about justice and fairness in our treatment of others, especially those who are vulnerable?
2. What does this verse teach us about the importance of understanding the Bible within its historical and cultural context?
3. How can Christians today apply the principles of justice and accountability in their relationships and communities?
4. In what ways does Jesus’ teaching on love and equality deepen our understanding of this verse, and how can we live out His teachings?
5. How does this passage reflect God’s character, and how should that impact our relationship with Him and others?

This article explores the meaning of Exodus 21:21, offering insights into its relevance for modern Christian living and drawing connections to broader biblical themes of justice, accountability, and the value of every human life.