Exodus 21:3: “If he comes alone, he is to go free alone; but if he has a wife when he comes, she is to go with him.”
Extended Explanation
Exodus 21:3 is part of the legal code in the Old Testament that addresses the treatment of Hebrew servants. This verse specifically deals with the situation of a servant who begins his period of servitude as a single man or as a married man. The law states that if a man enters servitude alone, he is to be released alone at the end of his term. However, if he was married when he became a servant, his wife is to be released with him when his service ends. This provision was designed to protect the servant’s marital relationship and ensure that families remained intact. It reflects a concern for fairness and the dignity of both the servant and his wife.
Historical Context
In the ancient world, servitude often arose out of economic necessity. A man might become a servant to pay off a debt or as a means of survival. Unlike slavery in other cultures, Hebrew servitude was intended to be temporary and was governed by specific laws to prevent exploitation. The seventh-year release, mentioned earlier in Exodus 21:2, applied to all Hebrew servants, and this verse adds clarity about what happens when the servant’s family is involved. The law ensured that marriage was respected and that the servant’s family ties were not broken during his time of service. This approach was distinct from the practices of many surrounding cultures, where servitude could be far more oppressive.
Theological Implications
Theologically, Exodus 21:3 highlights God’s concern for justice and the protection of familial bonds. The verse underscores the principle that God’s laws are designed to promote human dignity and respect for relationships. By allowing the servant’s wife to go free with him, God was ensuring that the bond of marriage was honored even in situations of servitude. This reflects God’s desire for His people to live in a way that values family and protects the vulnerable. It also points to the broader biblical theme of freedom and redemption, as servitude was never meant to be a permanent state for God’s people.
Literary Analysis
Literarily, Exodus 21:3 is a continuation of the legal instructions given in the “Book of the Covenant.” The verse is structured as a conditional statement, presenting two possible scenarios based on the servant’s marital status at the time he enters service. The clear, straightforward language emphasizes the practical nature of these laws, providing specific guidance for real-life situations. The verse is part of a larger section that deals with various aspects of servitude, all of which are intended to ensure that the servant is treated with fairness and respect.
Biblical Cross-References
Several other passages in the Bible reinforce the principles found in Exodus 21:3:
- Leviticus 25:10: “Consecrate the fiftieth year and proclaim liberty throughout the land to all its inhabitants. It shall be a jubilee for you; each of you is to return to your family property and to your own clan.”
- Deuteronomy 24:5: “If a man has recently married, he must not be sent to war or have any other duty laid on him. For one year he is to be free to stay at home and bring happiness to the wife he has married.”
- Matthew 19:6: “So they are no longer two, but one flesh. Therefore what God has joined together, let no one separate.”
These references show the importance of marriage and family in God’s law and His ongoing concern for their protection.
What This Verse Means for Today’s Christian
For today’s Christian, Exodus 21:3 serves as a reminder of the value that God places on marriage and family. It encourages believers to honor and protect their own relationships and to ensure that they do not neglect their family responsibilities, even in difficult circumstances. The verse also calls Christians to consider how they treat others, particularly those who may be in vulnerable positions. It challenges believers to ensure that their actions and decisions promote justice, fairness, and the well-being of others, reflecting the heart of God’s law.
How This Verse Relates to a Loving God
This verse demonstrates God’s love in His concern for the welfare of the servant and his family. By ensuring that the servant’s marriage is respected and protected, God shows that His laws are not just about justice, but also about love and care for His people. God’s love is evident in the way He provides for the servant’s release, ensuring that both the servant and his wife can return to freedom together. This reflects a God who values relationships and desires that His people live in harmony and love.
How This Verse Connects to Jesus Christ
Jesus Christ’s teaching and mission are deeply connected to the themes of freedom and restoration found in this verse. In Luke 4:18, Jesus declares, “The Spirit of the Lord is on me, because he has anointed me to proclaim good news to the poor. He has sent me to proclaim freedom for the prisoners and recovery of sight for the blind, to set the oppressed free.” Jesus embodies the fulfillment of the law, bringing spiritual freedom and restoration to all who believe in Him. Just as the servant and his wife are set free together, so too does Jesus offer freedom to all, restoring relationships and bringing peace.
Questions for Reflection and Discussion
- How does Exodus 21:3 challenge us to think about the importance of marriage and family in our own lives?
- What does this verse teach us about God’s concern for justice and fairness, even in difficult circumstances?
- How can Christians today apply the principles of this verse in their relationships and interactions with others?
- In what ways does Jesus’ mission of freedom and restoration connect to the themes found in this verse?
- How does this passage reflect God’s character, and how should that impact our relationship with Him?
This article explores the meaning of Exodus 21:3, drawing connections to broader biblical themes and offering practical insights for living out Christian faith in a way that honors God and reflects His love.