Exodus 21:31: “This law also applies if the bull gores a son or daughter. If the bull gores a male or female slave, the owner must pay thirty shekels of silver to the master of the slave, and the bull is to be stoned to death.”

Extended Explanation

Exodus 21:31 extends the legal principles of responsibility and restitution to all members of society, including children and slaves. The verse makes it clear that the same law applies regardless of whether the victim of the bull’s aggression is a son, daughter, or slave. If a bull gores a slave, the owner of the bull must pay thirty shekels of silver to the slave’s master as compensation, and the bull must be put to death. This law emphasizes the importance of justice and the equal value of all lives, even within the hierarchical structure of ancient Israelite society.

Historical Context

In ancient Israel, bulls were essential animals for agricultural work, but they could also pose a significant danger if not properly managed. The laws concerning oxen or bulls reflect the need to protect people from harm and to hold owners accountable for their animals’ actions. Slavery was a common practice at the time, and slaves were considered the property of their masters. However, the law in this verse indicates that even slaves, who were at the bottom of the social hierarchy, were to be protected and compensated in the event of harm.

The payment of thirty shekels of silver as compensation for a slave’s death is noteworthy because it reflects the value placed on a slave’s life in monetary terms. This amount was a significant sum, demonstrating that the loss of a slave was not taken lightly. The requirement to put the bull to death further emphasizes the seriousness of the situation and the importance of preventing future harm.

Theological Implications

Theologically, Exodus 21:31 highlights the biblical principle that all human life is valuable in God’s eyes, regardless of social status. While the verse deals with the legal and economic realities of the time, it also points to a deeper truth: that justice should be impartial and that the well-being of every individual matters to God. The law’s application to both free children and slaves reflects the idea that God’s justice is for everyone, not just the privileged.

This verse also touches on the theme of restitution. The payment of thirty shekels of silver serves as a form of justice for the loss of a slave’s life, acknowledging the wrong done and providing a measure of compensation. This concept of making amends for harm is central to biblical justice and reflects God’s desire for restoration and reconciliation.

Literary Analysis

Exodus 21:31 is part of the broader Covenant Code, which outlines various laws governing the Israelites’ social and religious life. The verse is written in a straightforward, legalistic style, typical of the laws in this section. The clear and precise language ensures that the law is easily understood and applied consistently. The repetition of the principle that the same law applies regardless of the victim’s status reinforces the idea of equal justice under the law.

The mention of the specific amount of thirty shekels of silver also adds a concrete element to the law, providing clear guidelines for restitution. The requirement to stone the bull highlights the seriousness of the offense and the community’s responsibility to prevent further harm.

Biblical Cross-References

Several other biblical passages relate to the themes found in Exodus 21:31:

• Leviticus 24:17-22: This passage emphasizes the principle of equal justice, stating that the same law applies to both native-born Israelites and foreigners.
• Deuteronomy 15:12-15: This passage discusses the release of Hebrew slaves after six years of service, highlighting the value of human life and the importance of treating slaves with dignity.
• Matthew 20:28: “Just as the Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many.” This verse connects the idea of ransom or payment with Jesus’ ultimate sacrifice.

These references underscore the biblical emphasis on justice, the value of human life, and the need for restitution and redemption.

What This Verse Means for Today’s Christian

For today’s Christian, Exodus 21:31 serves as a reminder of the importance of justice, responsibility, and the equal value of all people. While the specific context of slavery may differ today, the principles behind the law remain relevant. Christians are called to uphold justice in their communities, ensuring that everyone is treated with fairness and dignity, regardless of their social or economic status.

The concept of restitution also challenges believers to think about how they can make amends for any harm they have caused, whether intentionally or unintentionally. This verse encourages Christians to take responsibility for their actions and to seek to restore what has been lost or damaged.

How This Verse Relates to a Loving God

This verse reflects God’s love in His concern for justice and the protection of all people, including those who were considered the least in society, such as slaves. By establishing laws that require restitution and accountability, God demonstrates His commitment to fairness and His care for every individual. God’s love is shown in His desire to create a just society where everyone’s life is valued and protected.

In the broader context of Scripture, this law points to God’s overarching plan of redemption and restoration, where He seeks to heal the brokenness caused by sin and injustice. God’s love is ultimately expressed in His willingness to provide a way for reconciliation and restoration, even for those who have been wronged.

How This Verse Connects to Jesus Christ

Jesus Christ’s teachings and sacrifice on the cross connect directly to the themes of justice, restitution, and redemption found in Exodus 21:31. Jesus emphasized the equal value of all people, regardless of their social status, and He demonstrated the ultimate act of restitution by giving His life as a ransom for many. His sacrifice fulfilled the deeper spiritual implications of the laws given in the Old Testament, offering redemption and reconciliation to all who believe.

Through His life, death, and resurrection, Jesus challenges Christians to live out the principles of justice, mercy, and love in their own lives, reflecting God’s character and His concern for the well-being of all people.

Questions for Reflection and Discussion

1. How does Exodus 21:31 challenge us to think about the value of every human life, regardless of social status?
2. What does this verse teach us about the importance of justice and restitution in our relationships and communities?
3. How can Christians today apply the principles of responsibility and accountability in their daily lives?
4. In what ways does Jesus’ teaching on justice and love deepen our understanding of this verse, and how can we live out His teachings?
5. How does this passage reflect God’s character, and how should that impact our relationship with Him and others?

This article explores the meaning of Exodus 21:31, offering insights into its relevance for modern Christian living and drawing connections to broader biblical themes of justice, responsibility, and the equal value of all human life.