Exodus 21:7: “If a man sells his daughter as a servant, she is not to go free as male servants do.”
Extended Explanation
Exodus 21:7 addresses a specific situation in ancient Israel where a man might sell his daughter into servitude. Unlike male servants who were automatically released after six years of service, a female servant was not given the same provision. This verse introduces a set of laws intended to protect and provide for women in a patriarchal society where they were often vulnerable. The law implies that a different set of rules applied to female servants, reflecting their unique status and the expectation that they might be integrated into the master’s household, possibly through marriage.
Historical Context
In the ancient Near East, the practice of selling a daughter into servitude was not uncommon, especially in times of economic hardship. Such an arrangement could be seen as a way to ensure the daughter’s protection and provision, especially if the family could not afford to care for her. However, this system also made women particularly vulnerable, which is why specific laws were put in place to safeguard their rights and dignity. Unlike male servants, female servants were often treated differently because their service could involve a long-term relationship with the master’s household, potentially including marriage.
Theological Implications
Theologically, this verse underscores the need for protection and care for those who are vulnerable, particularly women. While the idea of selling a daughter into servitude may seem harsh to modern readers, the law reflects a concern for her welfare in a society where women had limited rights and options. The rules that follow in Exodus 21 ensure that a female servant is not mistreated or abandoned but is either married into the household or treated with respect. This reflects God’s concern for justice and His desire to protect the dignity of all people, especially those in vulnerable positions.
Literary Analysis
Literarily, Exodus 21:7 is part of a broader legal code that deals with issues of servitude and justice. The verse introduces a new category of servitude, emphasizing the difference between male and female servants. The structure of the verse is simple, setting up the conditions under which a daughter might be sold into servitude and laying the groundwork for further regulations that protect her. This verse, like others in the chapter, is designed to provide clear and practical guidelines for maintaining justice and order within the community.
Biblical Cross-References
Several other biblical passages relate to the themes in Exodus 21:7:
- Exodus 22:22-23: “Do not take advantage of the widow or the fatherless. If you do and they cry out to me, I will certainly hear their cry.”
- Deuteronomy 24:14-15: “Do not take advantage of a hired worker who is poor and needy, whether that worker is a fellow Israelite or a foreigner residing in one of your towns.”
- Ruth 4:10: “I have also acquired Ruth the Moabite, Mahlon’s widow, as my wife, in order to maintain the name of the dead with his property, so that his name will not disappear from among his family or from his hometown.”
These references highlight the broader biblical concern for protecting those who are vulnerable and ensuring justice in all social arrangements.
What This Verse Means for Today’s Christian
For today’s Christian, Exodus 21:7 serves as a reminder of the importance of caring for and protecting those who are vulnerable, particularly women and children. While the specific practice of selling a daughter into servitude is not relevant today, the principles behind the verse are still applicable. Christians are called to advocate for the rights and dignity of all people, ensuring that those who are in vulnerable positions are treated with justice and compassion. This verse also challenges believers to consider how they can be a voice for the voiceless and a source of support for those in need.
How This Verse Relates to a Loving God
This verse reveals God’s love in His concern for the protection and welfare of vulnerable individuals. By establishing laws that provided specific protections for female servants, God was ensuring that they were not exploited or mistreated. This reflects God’s character as a loving and just ruler who cares deeply for all His people, particularly those who are most at risk. The verse shows that God’s love is not just a general sentiment but is expressed in practical ways that promote justice and dignity for everyone.
How This Verse Connects to Jesus Christ
Jesus Christ’s ministry was characterized by His care for the marginalized and vulnerable. Throughout the Gospels, Jesus is seen reaching out to those who were often overlooked or mistreated by society, including women, children, and the poor. In Matthew 25:40, Jesus says, “Truly I tell you, whatever you did for one of the least of these brothers and sisters of mine, you did for me.” This statement reflects the heart of God as seen in Exodus 21:7, where laws were established to protect those in vulnerable situations. Jesus’ life and teachings fulfill and expand on these principles, showing that God’s kingdom is one where justice, love, and care for the vulnerable are central.
Questions for Reflection and Discussion
- How does Exodus 21:7 challenge us to think about the protection of vulnerable individuals in our society today?
- What can this verse teach us about the importance of advocating for justice and dignity for all people?
- How can Christians today apply the principles of this verse in their relationships and interactions with others, especially those who are vulnerable?
- In what ways does Jesus’ ministry reflect the values seen in this verse, and how can we follow His example?
- How does this passage reflect God’s character, and how should that impact our relationship with Him?
This article explores the meaning of Exodus 21:7, offering insights into its relevance for modern Christian living and drawing connections to broader biblical themes of justice, protection, and care for the vulnerable.