Leviticus 16:10 – “But the goat chosen by lot as the scapegoat shall be presented alive before the Lord to be used for making atonement by sending it into the wilderness as a scapegoat.”

Extended Explanation of the Verse

Leviticus 16:10 gives specific instructions about the second goat used in the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur) ritual. After casting lots, one goat is chosen to be sacrificed as a sin offering, while the other goat is selected as the “scapegoat” (often referred to as “Azazel”). The scapegoat is not sacrificed but is instead kept alive and presented before the Lord. It is then sent into the wilderness, symbolically carrying away the sins of the people. This act of sending the goat away represents the complete removal of guilt and sin from the community.

The scapegoat’s role is significant because it shows that atonement is not just about sacrifice but also about removing sin from the presence of God’s people. The ritual of sending the goat into the wilderness symbolizes the idea that sin, once atoned for, is removed far away, never to be held against the people again. This verse highlights the completeness of God’s forgiveness and cleansing.

Historical Context

Leviticus is a book of laws and guidelines given to the Israelites after their exodus from Egypt, intended to direct their worship and daily living in a way that honors God. The Day of Atonement, as described in Leviticus 16, was the most solemn and significant day of the year for the Israelites. It was a day of repentance, fasting, and seeking forgiveness. On this day, the High Priest would perform a series of rituals to atone for the sins of the entire nation.

The use of the two goats was central to this ritual. The first goat was sacrificed as a sin offering, with its blood sprinkled in the Most Holy Place to cleanse it from the impurities of the people. The second goat, the scapegoat, was chosen to bear the sins of the Israelites and carry them away into the wilderness. The wilderness, in this context, represents a place of desolation, far removed from the presence of God and His people. The ritual of sending the scapegoat into the wilderness reinforced the idea that atonement involves both the forgiveness of sin and its complete removal.

Theological Implications

Leviticus 16:10 carries profound theological meaning about the nature of sin, forgiveness, and God’s desire for His people to be pure and holy. The scapegoat’s role in the Day of Atonement reveals the completeness of God’s plan for dealing with sin. While the sacrificial goat provided a payment for sin (propitiation), the scapegoat symbolized the removal of sin (expiation). Together, they show that God’s provision for atonement is both comprehensive and effective.

This verse also highlights God’s grace and mercy. God not only forgives sin but also removes it, ensuring it is no longer a barrier between Him and His people. The act of sending the scapegoat away symbolizes the depth of God’s forgiveness—that sin is not just covered but completely taken away. This foreshadows the perfect work of Jesus Christ, who not only paid the penalty for sin but also removes our guilt and shame.

Literary Analysis

Leviticus 16:10 is a critical part of the Day of Atonement narrative, serving to contrast the roles of the two goats. The verse’s structure emphasizes the action of “presenting” the scapegoat alive before the Lord and then “sending it into the wilderness,” which portrays a powerful image of sin being taken away. The dual role of the goats—one to die as a sin offering and one to carry away sin—creates a literary and theological balance that reinforces the completeness of God’s atonement.

The phrase “shall be presented alive before the Lord” is significant. It indicates that the scapegoat’s role, though different from the sacrificial goat, is still an essential part of the atonement process. The scapegoat’s removal to the wilderness represents more than a mere ritual; it is a physical demonstration of God’s promise to remove sin from His people as far as the east is from the west (Psalm 103:12).

Biblical Cross-References

• Psalm 103:12: “As far as the east is from the west, so far has he removed our transgressions from us,” reflecting the idea of sin being completely removed.
• Isaiah 53:6: “The Lord has laid on him the iniquity of us all,” which connects to the scapegoat bearing the sins of the people.
• Hebrews 10:17: “Their sins and lawless acts I will remember no more,” emphasizing the complete removal of sin through Christ.
• John 1:29: Describes Jesus as the “Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world,” combining the roles of both the sacrificial lamb and the scapegoat.

What This Verse Means for Today’s Christian

For Christians today, Leviticus 16:10 serves as a powerful reminder of the complete forgiveness and cleansing that God provides. The scapegoat illustrates that God does more than just forgive; He removes our sins entirely, freeing us from guilt and shame. This is important for Christians who may struggle with feeling forgiven or who continue to carry guilt over past sins. God’s provision, as seen through the scapegoat, assures us that our sins are taken away, never to be remembered against us.

This verse also challenges Christians to live in the freedom that comes from knowing our sins are fully forgiven and removed. It encourages a life of gratitude, worship, and holiness, reflecting the truth that God has not only covered our sins but has completely removed them from us.

How This Verse Relates to a Loving God

Leviticus 16:10 reveals God’s love in providing a way for His people to be cleansed from their sins. God’s love is not content with merely forgiving sin; He desires to remove it entirely. This act of sending the scapegoat into the wilderness demonstrates His commitment to restoring a right relationship with His people, free from the burden and stain of sin.

The ritual also shows God’s understanding of human nature. People need a tangible way to understand His forgiveness. By seeing the scapegoat physically removed, the Israelites could grasp that their sins were truly taken away. This is a powerful picture of God’s mercy and grace.

How This Verse Connects to Jesus Christ

Leviticus 16:10 points forward to the ultimate fulfillment of the Day of Atonement rituals in the person of Jesus Christ. Jesus embodies both the sacrificial goat and the scapegoat. He is the perfect sacrifice who pays the penalty for our sins with His own blood (Hebrews 9:26), and He is also the one who takes away our sins completely. John the Baptist identified Jesus as the “Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world” (John 1:29), showing that Jesus fulfills both roles.

Jesus’ death and resurrection provide a more profound reality than the Old Testament rituals could achieve. His sacrifice is once and for all, fully sufficient for the forgiveness and removal of sins. Through faith in Christ, believers can experience the complete cleansing that the scapegoat symbolized, knowing that their sins are forgiven and removed forever (Hebrews 10:14).

Questions for Reflection and Discussion

1. How does understanding the role of the scapegoat in Leviticus 16:10 help you see the completeness of God’s forgiveness?
2. In what ways can the symbolism of the scapegoat encourage you to let go of guilt and live in the freedom of God’s grace?
3. How does recognizing the dual role of Jesus as both the sacrificial lamb and the scapegoat deepen your appreciation for His work on the cross?
4. What practical steps can you take to remind yourself that your sins have been fully removed by God’s grace?
5. How does knowing that God not only forgives but also removes sin inspire you to live a life of gratitude and holiness?

This article encourages Christians to reflect on Leviticus 16:10, understanding the fullness of God’s provision for atonement, and the complete work of Jesus Christ that assures us of total forgiveness and freedom from sin.