Leviticus 16:8 – “He is to cast lots for the two goats—one lot for the Lord and the other for the scapegoat.”

Extended Explanation of the Verse

Leviticus 16:8 describes a significant moment during the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur) ritual, where Aaron, the High Priest, is instructed to cast lots for two goats. One goat is to be selected “for the Lord” to be sacrificed as a sin offering, while the other goat is chosen as the “scapegoat” (also known as “Azazel”), which will be sent into the wilderness. Casting lots was a way of seeking God’s will in making decisions, ensuring that the choice between the two goats was not left to human judgment but was directed by God.

The two goats symbolize two essential parts of the atonement process: the first goat, “for the Lord,” is sacrificed to pay the penalty for the people’s sins. The second goat, the scapegoat, is released into the wilderness, symbolizing the removal of those sins from the community. This verse highlights the completeness of God’s plan for atonement, involving both the covering of sin through sacrifice and the removal of sin through the scapegoat.

Historical Context

The book of Leviticus provides detailed instructions on how the Israelites were to live as God’s chosen people, especially in terms of worship and ritual purity. The Day of Atonement was the most sacred day in the Jewish calendar, set aside for repentance and the cleansing of sin. On this day, the High Priest entered the Most Holy Place to offer sacrifices for himself and the people, symbolizing the need for atonement before a holy God.

The ritual of casting lots for the two goats was a key part of the Day of Atonement. The lot that fell “for the Lord” determined which goat would be sacrificed as a sin offering. The other lot, falling “for Azazel,” designated the scapegoat, which would carry away the people’s sins into the wilderness. This process ensured that God was involved in the decision, reaffirming His sovereignty over the atonement process. The practice of casting lots reflects the ancient belief in God’s direct involvement in guiding His people’s decisions, especially in matters of spiritual significance.

Theological Implications

Leviticus 16:8 provides significant theological insights into the nature of atonement and the character of God. The need to cast lots demonstrates that atonement is ultimately determined by God, not by human effort or decision. The two goats symbolize two aspects of atonement: the sacrificial death that pays the penalty for sin (propitiation) and the removal or sending away of sin (expiation).

The casting of lots also underscores the concept of divine choice and election. The goat chosen “for the Lord” represents the necessity of a blood sacrifice to satisfy God’s justice. In contrast, the scapegoat represents God’s mercy in providing a way for the people’s sins to be removed and forgotten. This dual representation of God’s justice and mercy is central to the understanding of atonement in the Bible.

Literary Analysis

Leviticus 16:8 is a pivotal verse within the narrative structure of the Day of Atonement instructions. It introduces the casting of lots, a practice that adds an element of divine decision-making to the ritual. The use of “one lot for the Lord and the other for the scapegoat” creates a literary parallel that reflects the dual nature of the atonement process. The phrase “for the Lord” indicates a direct offering to God, emphasizing the seriousness of sin and the need for blood to cover it. In contrast, “for the scapegoat” highlights the symbolic act of removing sin from the camp.

The act of casting lots is presented in a straightforward and solemn manner, reinforcing the importance of following God’s instructions exactly. This detail serves to foreshadow the separate roles of the two goats, setting the stage for their respective functions in the following verses.

Biblical Cross-References

• Proverbs 16:33: “The lot is cast into the lap, but its every decision is from the Lord,” which emphasizes God’s sovereignty in decisions made by casting lots.
• Psalm 103:12: “As far as the east is from the west, so far has he removed our transgressions from us,” reflecting the idea of sin being removed, as symbolized by the scapegoat.
• Isaiah 53:6: “The Lord has laid on him the iniquity of us all,” prophetically speaking of the Messiah bearing our sins, similar to the scapegoat.
• Hebrews 9:22: “Without the shedding of blood there is no forgiveness,” pointing to the necessity of a sacrificial offering, as represented by the goat chosen “for the Lord.”

What This Verse Means for Today’s Christian

For Christians today, Leviticus 16:8 serves as a powerful reminder of the completeness of God’s provision for dealing with sin. The practice of casting lots for the goats shows that God is the one who decides how atonement is made, emphasizing that forgiveness is not something we can achieve on our own. The two goats symbolize the full scope of atonement—both the need for a sacrifice to cover sin and the removal of sin’s guilt and shame.

This verse also challenges modern Christians to recognize the seriousness of sin and the need for a divine solution. Just as the Israelites could not choose which goat would be sacrificed or released, we cannot determine how our sins are forgiven; it is solely by God’s grace and through His provision in Jesus Christ. This encourages believers to trust in God’s plan for redemption and to rest in the completeness of His atoning work.

How This Verse Relates to a Loving God

Leviticus 16:8 reveals a God who is both just and loving. His justice is seen in the necessity of the sin offering, where blood must be shed for the forgiveness of sins. However, His love is displayed in the scapegoat, which symbolically carries the sins away, providing a way for His people to experience freedom from the burden of sin.

God’s love is evident in His careful provision of a means of atonement that covers all aspects of sin—its penalty and its presence. By involving Himself directly in the process (through the casting of lots), God shows His desire to guide His people toward reconciliation with Him, not leaving anything to chance or human error.

How This Verse Connects to Jesus Christ

Leviticus 16:8 points directly to the work of Jesus Christ, who fulfills the roles symbolized by both goats. As the goat “for the Lord,” Jesus serves as the perfect sacrifice, shedding His blood for the forgiveness of sins and satisfying God’s justice (Hebrews 9:26). As the scapegoat, He takes upon Himself the sins of humanity, bearing them away so that they are no longer held against us (John 1:29).

In Jesus, both aspects of atonement—propitiation and expiation—are perfectly fulfilled. He provides the full and final solution to sin that the Old Testament sacrifices only foreshadowed. By His sacrifice, we no longer need the ritual of casting lots; instead, we have the assurance of a complete and eternal atonement through faith in Him (Hebrews 10:10).

Questions for Reflection and Discussion

1. How does understanding the casting of lots for the two goats deepen your appreciation for God’s control and decision-making in the atonement process?
2. In what ways do you see both God’s justice and mercy reflected in the Day of Atonement rituals?
3. How can the symbolism of the scapegoat help you understand the completeness of Christ’s work on the cross?
4. How does knowing that Jesus fulfills both roles of the sin offering and the scapegoat encourage you in your walk with God?
5. What steps can you take to live in the freedom that comes from knowing your sins have been both covered and removed through Christ?

This article invites Christians to reflect on Leviticus 16:8 and its profound implications for understanding God’s provision for atonement and the complete work of Jesus Christ, encouraging them to live in the fullness of His grace and forgiveness.