Overview

Exodus 12 is one of the most significant chapters in the Bible, as it records the institution of the Passover, the final plague (the death of the firstborn), and the deliverance of the Israelites from slavery in Egypt. In this chapter, God gives Moses detailed instructions for the Passover, which is to be observed as an everlasting ordinance. The Passover lamb, whose blood is placed on the doorposts, becomes the symbol of God’s protection and deliverance, as the angel of death passes over the homes of the Israelites.

The events in this chapter culminate with the death of all the firstborn in Egypt, leading to Pharaoh’s demand that the Israelites leave Egypt immediately. The chapter closes with the departure of the Israelites from Egypt, fulfilling God’s promise to deliver His people and setting the stage for their journey toward the Promised Land.

This chapter marks the pivotal moment in the Exodus narrative, as God’s judgment and mercy are displayed simultaneously. The Passover points forward to Jesus Christ, the ultimate Passover Lamb, whose sacrifice brings deliverance from sin and death.

Historical and Literary Context

Exodus 12 takes place on the night of the final plague, when God executes judgment on Egypt through the death of the firstborn. The Israelites, having suffered under Egyptian oppression for hundreds of years, are about to experience their long-awaited deliverance. The Passover, instituted on this night, becomes one of the most important observances in Jewish history, commemorating God’s deliverance of His people from slavery.

Theologically, this chapter introduces the concept of atonement through the blood of a sacrificial lamb. The blood on the doorposts signifies God’s protection and His passing over the homes of the Israelites, sparing them from the judgment that falls upon Egypt. This event is a foreshadowing of the ultimate atonement that would come through the death of Jesus Christ, the Lamb of God.

Literarily, the chapter is structured around God’s instructions for the Passover, the execution of the final plague, and the immediate departure of the Israelites from Egypt. The language of covenant and deliverance is central to the chapter, underscoring God’s faithfulness to His promises and His sovereignty over the events of history.

Key Themes and Doctrinal Points

The Passover and the Blood of the Lamb

The Passover is a central theme in this chapter, signifying God’s protection and deliverance of His people through the blood of a lamb. The blood on the doorposts serves as a sign that causes the angel of death to pass over the homes of the Israelites.

“The blood will be a sign for you on the houses where you are, and when I see the blood, I will pass over you. No destructive plague will touch you when I strike Egypt” (Exodus 12:13).

This theme points forward to the New Testament, where Jesus is identified as the Lamb of God, whose blood brings deliverance from sin and death. Just as the blood of the lamb protected the Israelites, the blood of Christ protects believers from the judgment of sin.

God’s Judgment and Deliverance

The death of the firstborn in Egypt is a stark demonstration of God’s judgment against sin and rebellion. At the same time, God’s deliverance of the Israelites illustrates His mercy and faithfulness to His covenant promises.

“At midnight the Lord struck down all the firstborn in Egypt, from the firstborn of Pharaoh, who sat on the throne, to the firstborn of the prisoner, who was in the dungeon, and the firstborn of all the livestock as well” (Exodus 12:29).

God’s judgment on Egypt is severe, but His deliverance of Israel is equally powerful. This balance of judgment and mercy reflects the character of God as both just and loving.

The Institution of the Passover as a Perpetual Memorial

God commands the Israelites to observe the Passover as an annual memorial of their deliverance. This perpetual observance serves as a reminder of God’s faithfulness and His saving power.

“This is a day you are to commemorate; for the generations to come you shall celebrate it as a festival to the Lord—a lasting ordinance” (Exodus 12:14).

The Passover becomes a central practice in Israel’s worship, reminding future generations of God’s deliverance and pointing forward to the ultimate fulfillment of deliverance in Christ.

The Separation Between God’s People and the World

God makes a clear distinction between the Israelites and the Egyptians in this chapter. While Egypt suffers the death of the firstborn, the Israelites are spared because of the blood of the lamb.

“But among the Israelites not a dog will bark at any person or animal. Then you will know that the Lord makes a distinction between Egypt and Israel” (Exodus 11:7, echoed in 12).

This separation between God’s people and the world reflects the broader biblical theme of sanctification—God’s people are set apart for His purposes, delivered from the judgment that falls on the unbelieving world.

Verse-by-Verse Analysis

Exodus 12:1-2

The Lord said to Moses and Aaron in Egypt, “This month is to be for you the first month, the first month of your year.”

God establishes a new beginning for the Israelites, marking the month of their deliverance as the first month of their calendar. This signifies the importance of the Passover as the start of a new era for God’s people.

Exodus 12:3-6

“Tell the whole community of Israel that on the tenth day of this month each man is to take a lamb for his family, one for each household. If any household is too small for a whole lamb, they must share one with their nearest neighbor, having taken into account the number of people there are. You are to determine the amount of lamb needed in accordance with what each person will eat. The animals you choose must be year-old males without defect, and you may take them from the sheep or the goats. Take care of them until the fourteenth day of the month, when all the members of the community of Israel must slaughter them at twilight.”

God’s instructions for selecting and slaughtering the Passover lamb emphasize the need for a perfect sacrifice. The lamb must be without defect, foreshadowing Christ, the sinless Lamb of God, whose sacrifice would be perfect and complete (1 Peter 1:19).

Exodus 12:7-11

“Then they are to take some of the blood and put it on the sides and tops of the doorframes of the houses where they eat the lambs. That same night they are to eat the meat roasted over the fire, along with bitter herbs, and bread made without yeast. Do not eat the meat raw or boiled in water, but roast it over a fire—with the head, legs and internal organs. Do not leave any of it till morning; if some is left till morning, you must burn it. This is how you are to eat it: with your cloak tucked into your belt, your sandals on your feet and your staff in your hand. Eat it in haste; it is the Lord’s Passover.”

The blood of the lamb is to be applied to the doorposts as a sign of protection. The meal is eaten in haste, signifying the urgency of the impending deliverance. The unleavened bread and bitter herbs symbolize the affliction of slavery and the quick departure from Egypt.

Exodus 12:12-13

“On that same night I will pass through Egypt and strike down every firstborn of both people and animals, and I will bring judgment on all the gods of Egypt. I am the Lord. The blood will be a sign for you on the houses where you are, and when I see the blood, I will pass over you. No destructive plague will touch you when I strike Egypt.”

God announces that He will pass through Egypt, striking down the firstborn as a judgment on the nation’s rebellion and idolatry. The blood on the doorposts is a sign of protection, foreshadowing the protection that comes through the blood of Christ for believers (Hebrews 9:14).

Exodus 12:14-20

“This is a day you are to commemorate; for the generations to come you shall celebrate it as a festival to the Lord—a lasting ordinance. For seven days you are to eat bread made without yeast. On the first day remove the yeast from your houses, for whoever eats anything with yeast in it from the first day through the seventh must be cut off from Israel. On the first day hold a sacred assembly, and another one on the seventh day. Do no work at all on these days, except to prepare food for everyone to eat; that is all you may do. Celebrate the Festival of Unleavened Bread, because it was on this very day that I brought your divisions out of Egypt. Celebrate this day as a lasting ordinance for the generations to come. In the first month you are to eat bread made without yeast, from the evening of the fourteenth day until the evening of the twenty-first day. For seven days no yeast is to be found in your houses. And anyone, whether foreigner or native-born, who eats anything with yeast in it must be cut off from the community of Israel. Eat nothing made with yeast. Wherever you live, you must eat unleavened bread.”

The Feast of Unleavened Bread is instituted as part of the Passover celebration. Leaven, or yeast, symbolizes sin and corruption, and its removal from the home represents the need for holiness and purity. The week-long festival serves as a reminder of God’s deliverance and the need for ongoing sanctification.

Exodus 12:21-23

Then Moses summoned all the elders of Israel and said to them, “Go at once and select the animals for your families and slaughter the Passover lamb. Take a bunch of hyssop, dip it into the blood in the basin and put some of the blood on the top and on both sides of the doorframe. None of you shall go out of the door of your house until morning. When the Lord goes through the land to strike down the Egyptians, he will see the blood on the top and sides of the doorframe and will pass over that doorway, and he will not permit the destroyer to enter your houses and strike you down.”

Moses instructs the Israelites on how to apply the blood of the lamb to their doorposts, emphasizing the importance of following God’s instructions exactly. The use of hyssop, a common plant, symbolizes cleansing and purification, a theme that carries through to the New Testament (John 19:29).

Exodus 12:24-27

“Obey these instructions as a lasting ordinance for you and your descendants. When you enter the land that the Lord will give you as he promised, observe this ceremony. And when your children ask you, ‘What does this ceremony mean to you?’ then tell them, ‘It is the Passover sacrifice to the Lord, who passed over the houses of the Israelites in Egypt and spared our homes when he struck down the Egyptians.’” Then the people bowed down and worshiped.

The Passover is to be observed perpetually, and its meaning is to be passed down through the generations. This ceremony not only commemorates God’s deliverance but also serves as a teaching tool for future generations about God’s power and faithfulness.

Exodus 12:28-30

The Israelites did just what the Lord commanded Moses and Aaron. At midnight the Lord struck down all the firstborn in Egypt, from the firstborn of Pharaoh, who sat on the throne, to the firstborn of the prisoner, who was in the dungeon, and the firstborn of all the livestock as well. Pharaoh and all his officials and all the Egyptians got up during the night, and there was loud wailing in Egypt, for there was not a house without someone dead.

At midnight, God’s judgment falls upon Egypt. The death of the firstborn is the climactic judgment, breaking the power of Pharaoh and compelling him to release the Israelites. The contrast between the wailing in Egypt and the protection of Israel underscores God’s justice and mercy.

Exodus 12:31-36

During the night Pharaoh summoned Moses and Aaron and said, “Up! Leave my people, you and the Israelites! Go, worship the Lord as you have requested. Take your flocks and herds, as you have said, and go. And also bless me.” The Egyptians urged the people to hurry and leave the country. “For otherwise,” they said, “we will all die!” So the people took their dough before the yeast was added, and carried it on their shoulders in kneading troughs wrapped in clothing. The Israelites did as Moses instructed and asked the Egyptians for articles of silver and gold and for clothing. The Lord had made the Egyptians favorably disposed toward the people, and they gave them what they asked for; so they plundered the Egyptians.

Pharaoh finally relents and orders the Israelites to leave Egypt. The Egyptians, fearing further judgment, willingly give their wealth to the Israelites, fulfilling God’s promise that His people would leave with great possessions (Genesis 15:14). This transfer of wealth marks the beginning of Israel’s journey toward freedom.

Exodus 12:37-42

The Israelites journeyed from Rameses to Sukkoth. There were about six hundred thousand men on foot, besides women and children. Many other people went up with them, and also large droves of livestock, both flocks and herds. With the dough the Israelites had brought from Egypt, they baked loaves of unleavened bread. The dough was without yeast because they had been driven out of Egypt and did not have time to prepare food for themselves. Now the length of time the Israelite people lived in Egypt was 430 years. At the end of the 430 years, to the very day, all the Lord’s divisions left Egypt. Because the Lord kept vigil that night to bring them out of Egypt, on this night all the Israelites are to keep vigil to honor the Lord for the generations to come.

The departure of the Israelites from Egypt is a fulfillment of God’s promise to Abraham that his descendants would be delivered after 400 years of slavery (Genesis 15:13-14). The detail that 600,000 men, along with women and children, left Egypt shows the magnitude of God’s deliverance.

Exodus 12:43-50

The Lord said to Moses and Aaron, “These are the regulations for the Passover meal: No foreigner may eat it. Any slave you have bought may eat it after you have circumcised him, but a temporary resident or a hired worker may not eat it. It must be eaten inside the house; take none of the meat outside the house. Do not break any of the bones. The whole community of Israel must celebrate it. A foreigner residing among you who wants to celebrate the Lord’s Passover must have all the males in his household circumcised; then he may take part like one born in the land. No uncircumcised male may eat it. The same law applies both to the native-born and to the foreigner residing among you.” All the Israelites did just what the Lord had commanded Moses and Aaron.

God provides specific regulations for the ongoing observance of the Passover. The requirement that no bones be broken points forward to the crucifixion of Jesus, where none of His bones were broken (John 19:36), fulfilling the prophetic symbolism of the Passover lamb.

Exodus 12:51

And on that very day the Lord brought the Israelites out of Egypt by their divisions.

The chapter concludes with the Israelites’ deliverance from Egypt, marking the fulfillment of God’s promise and the beginning of their journey to the Promised Land.

Theological Implications and Connection to Jesus Christ

Exodus 12 is one of the most significant foreshadowings of the work of Jesus Christ in the Old Testament. The Passover lamb, whose blood protected the Israelites from judgment, points directly to Jesus, the Lamb of God, whose blood protects believers from the judgment of sin and death (John 1:29; 1 Corinthians 5:7).

Just as the Israelites were spared from death through the blood of the lamb, Christians are spared from eternal death through the blood of Christ. The detail that no bones of the Passover lamb were to be broken also points to the crucifixion of Christ, where none of His bones were broken, fulfilling this prophetic symbolism (John 19:36).

The Exodus from Egypt, led by Moses, foreshadows the greater Exodus that Jesus leads, delivering His people from the slavery of sin and bringing them into the freedom of life with God. The Passover is a lasting memorial of God’s deliverance, pointing forward to the Lord’s Supper, where believers remember Christ’s sacrifice and the new covenant established through His blood (Luke 22:19-20).

Sermon Outline and Flow

1. Introduction: The Significance of the Passover
   • Set the context for Exodus 12, explaining the importance of the Passover in both Jewish history and its fulfillment in Christ.
   • Introduce the themes of deliverance, judgment, and redemption.
2. Point 1: The Blood of the Lamb and God’s Deliverance
   • Discuss the significance of the Passover lamb and how its blood provided protection and deliverance from judgment.
   • Application: How does the blood of Jesus, the Lamb of God, deliver us from the judgment of sin?
3. Point 2: God’s Judgment and Mercy
   • Explore the balance of judgment and mercy in the death of the firstborn and the deliverance of the Israelites.
   • Application: How can we respond to God’s offer of mercy and avoid the judgment that falls on those who reject Him?
4. Point 3: The Ongoing Memorial of God’s Faithfulness
   • Highlight the institution of the Passover as a lasting ordinance and how it points forward to the Lord’s Supper.
   • Application: How can we continually remember and celebrate God’s faithfulness in our own lives?
5. Point 4: The Separation of God’s People
   • Emphasize the distinction God makes between Egypt and Israel, reflecting the separation between those who are in Christ and those who are not.
   • Application: How does our identity as God’s people set us apart for His purposes in the world?

Illustrations and Examples

• Share a personal story of how the Lord’s Supper or another memorial of God’s faithfulness has deepened your understanding of Christ’s sacrifice.
• Use a historical example of someone who found deliverance through Christ, drawing parallels to the Israelites’ deliverance from Egypt.

Application for Today’s Christian

Exodus 12 teaches Christians the importance of the blood of Christ as the means of deliverance from the judgment of sin. Just as the blood of the Passover lamb protected the Israelites, the blood of Jesus protects us from eternal death. This chapter also calls us to remember and celebrate God’s deliverance through the Lord’s Supper, reflecting on His faithfulness in our lives.

The distinction between Israel and Egypt reminds us that, as believers, we are set apart for God’s purposes. Our identity as God’s people should shape the way we live, as we walk in holiness and obedience to His commands. Finally, Exodus 12 encourages us to trust in God’s sovereignty and His ability to bring about deliverance, even in the face of overwhelming circumstances.

Connection to the Father in Exodus 12

God the Father’s justice and mercy are both displayed in Exodus 12. His judgment on Egypt demonstrates His righteousness and His intolerance of sin, while His deliverance of Israel reflects His covenant faithfulness and love. The institution of the Passover shows God’s desire to protect and provide for His people, pointing forward to the ultimate act of love and protection in the sacrifice of Jesus Christ.

Connection to Jesus Christ in Exodus 12

The Passover lamb in Exodus 12 is a direct foreshadowing of Jesus Christ, the Lamb of God. Just as the blood of the lamb spared the Israelites from death, the blood of Christ spares believers from the judgment of sin. The detail that no bones of the Passover lamb were to be broken points to the crucifixion, where none of Christ’s bones were broken, fulfilling this prophetic symbolism. The Exodus from Egypt, led by Moses, foreshadows the greater Exodus that Jesus leads, delivering His people from the slavery of sin and bringing them into eternal life with God.

Connection to the Holy Spirit in Exodus 12

The Holy Spirit works in the hearts of believers to apply the truth of Christ’s sacrifice, convicting us of sin and leading us to repentance. In Exodus 12, the Spirit’s role can be seen in the way God calls His people to prepare for deliverance and to follow His instructions exactly. Just as the Israelites had to follow God’s commands regarding the Passover lamb, believers are called to walk in obedience to the Spirit’s leading, trusting in God’s provision for their salvation.

Connection to God’s Love in Exodus 12

God’s love is powerfully displayed in His protection of the Israelites during the Passover. While Egypt suffers judgment, God spares His people, demonstrating His covenant faithfulness and His desire to deliver them from slavery. This love is ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ, whose sacrifice on the cross provides the ultimate deliverance from sin and death. The Passover points forward to the love of God, revealed in Christ, who takes away the sin of the world and offers eternal life to all who believe.

Reflection Questions

1. How does the Passover in Exodus 12 point forward to the sacrifice of Jesus Christ, and what does this teach us about God’s plan of redemption?
2. In what ways does the balance of judgment and mercy in Exodus 12 reflect the character of God, and how can we respond to His offer of mercy?
3. How does the distinction between Israel and Egypt in this chapter reflect the separation between believers and the world today?
4. How can we continually remember and celebrate God’s faithfulness in our own lives, following the example of the Passover observance?
5. How does the Exodus from Egypt foreshadow the greater deliverance that Jesus provides, and how can we live in light of that deliverance today?