Overview of Psalm 110

Introduction

Psalm 110 is a royal psalm attributed to David, often recognized as one of the most quoted Old Testament passages in the New Testament. It presents a prophetic view of the Messiah as both a king and a priest, unique in its dual focus on royalty and priesthood. This psalm has been historically significant in Christian theology for its messianic implications and its depiction of the ultimate victory over the forces of evil.

The Lord’s Declaration to My Lord (Psalm 110:1-3)

The psalm begins with a dramatic declaration from Yahweh to David’s lord, “Sit at my right hand until I make your enemies a footstool for your feet.” This invitation to sit at God’s right hand signifies a position of co-rulership and supreme honor.

Divine Enthronement and Rule

This section emphasizes the sovereign power granted to the Messiah, whose enemies will be subdued under His feet. It also describes the voluntary gathering of His people, who offer themselves freely on the day of His power, highlighting a scene of divine military and spiritual mobilization.

The Priesthood of Melchizedek (Psalm 110:4)

Yahweh swears an oath that cannot be revoked, declaring the lord to be “a priest forever, in the order of Melchizedek.” This priesthood is notable for its eternal and royal dimensions, distinguishing it from the Levitical priesthood.

Eternal Priestly Order

This part of the psalm is critical for linking the Messiah with an eternal, non-Levitical order of priesthood, suggesting a unique mediating role between God and humanity that transcends traditional Jewish priestly functions.

Victory Over Enemies (Psalm 110:5-7)

The psalm concludes with a portrayal of the victorious king in battle, where he will crush kings on the day of his wrath and judge the nations. The graphic images of judgment underscore the Messiah’s role as the executor of God’s justice on earth.

Divine Warrior and Judge

This final section depicts the Messiah as a divine warrior who administers judgment, reinforcing His role as a global ruler who establishes peace and righteousness through strength and justice.

Connections and Theological Implications

Connection to Jesus Christ

Psalm 110 is deeply connected to Jesus Christ in Christian theology. It is cited in the New Testament as referring to Jesus, particularly in Hebrews, where Jesus is described as a high priest after the order of Melchizedek (Hebrews 5:6, 6:20, 7:17). The Gospel accounts also reference this psalm to assert Jesus’ lordship and His seated position at God’s right hand (Mark 12:36), affirming His divine authority and eternal priesthood.

God’s Love for the World

This psalm demonstrates God’s love by portraying a Messiah who not only rules justly but also intercedes as a priest on behalf of humanity. It shows God’s commitment to establishing a world ruled by justice and peace through a leader who embodies God’s own character and authority.

Relevance Today

Psalm 110 remains profoundly relevant today for several reasons:

• Assurance of Divine Justice: It provides believers with the assurance that God will ultimately triumph over evil and that His justice will prevail over all the earth.
• Understanding of Christ’s Role: It deepens the understanding of Christ’s ongoing role as king and priest, enriching Christian worship and theology.
• Encouragement in Spiritual Warfare: The psalm encourages believers in their spiritual battles, knowing that Christ reigns supremely and is actively involved in subduing evil.

Psalm 110 not only enriches theological understanding but also offers practical encouragement to believers, affirming the ultimate victory of God’s anointed one and His everlasting reign. This makes it a timeless reminder of the power and promise inherent in God’s plan for redemption and governance.